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The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) Concerning Conservation Measures for the Siberian Crane is a Multilateral Environmental Memorandum of Understanding and came into effect on 1 July 1993 and was amended in January 1999. It was the first MoU to be concluded under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, and focuses on conserving the Siberian crane as one of the three rarest crane species. The MoU covers twelve range states (Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan (vagrant), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). As of August 2012, eleven range states have signed the MoU. == Development of MoU == Taking into consideration the unfavorable conservation status of the Siberian crane (''Grus leucogeranus'')〔The Siberian Crane BBC Nature: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Siberian_Crane〕 and the fact that the species has the longest migration route of all crane species ranging from breeding areas in the Arctic regions of Asia to wintering grounds in southern Asia, the range states acknowledged that the species would benefit from international cooperation between the countries. Therefore, as the first one to be conducted under the CMS, an Article IV agreement was concluded and entered into effect on 1 July 1993 and was later revised in January 1999. Signatories to the Siberian Crane MoU: * Azerbaijan (13 December 1998) * India (13 December 1998) * Islamic Republic of Iran (13 December 1998) * Kazakhstan (13 December 1998) * Pakistan (13 December 1998) * Turkmenistan (13 December 1998) * Uzbekistan (13 December 1998) * China (16 April 1999) * Russian Federation (4 June 2002) * Mongolia (29 April 2004) * Afghanistan (22 June 2006) In addition, the following organizations have signed the MoU: * CMS Secretariat (13 December 1998) * International Crane Foundation (13 December 1998) * Wild Bird Society of Japan (18 May 2000) * Wetlands International (May 2007) * Cracid and Crane Breeding and Conservation Centre (May 2007) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Siberian Crane Memorandum of Understanding」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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